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reference: Manning, Patrick 2010. The African Diaspora: A History through Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. (ISBN 9780231144711) Historical survey of the African Diaspora 1. B. According to Patrick Manning's analysis on page 137, What parts of a person's identity are biological? 2.What part(s) of your identity on your birth announcement are determined by what Patrick Manning calls "social decisions"? (i.e., categories or identification markers created out of the place and social time in which you live)? 3.Are there any implications of superiority or inferiority that you have experienced as a result of any of identity markers that either you or others place upon you? (Background for the question 4. ) Since the 1960s, (when being black was transformed into something positive for many people) we now know that black communities can provide a sense of unity or common bonding for those who happily identify themselves as black by affirming the idea that they are part of the "black community." We also know that there is a tremendous amount of diversity within black populations, at home and all over the world. Some people of African descent prefer or need a sense of "black identity," some people feel constrained by that specific label for their identity. Being seen or 2 referred to as "black" can create difficulties or it can be celebrated, a lot depends on individual preference or the social histories in places in the diaspora. 4a. What is gained and what is lost by keeping or letting go of "white identity" or "black identity?" 5. Who has the right to say they are black? Who has the right to say they are white? Who should decide? 6.a. From your view, do you think we should have a wide array of categories based on the variations in skin tone like they have in Brazil? Or should we eliminate racial categories such as they did in Mexico, or Peru OR...Should people in the United States (or other places as well) maintain the racial categories that their society functions with, ... OR... should there evolve new ways to discuss race (or identity) that we have not seen before? Explain your thoughts. 6.b. What do you think? --- Can a society keep their race-based (black and white) identities but transform the sense of social hierarchies that are associated with them? 7. How many separate identities do you have? (Think about your roles in the family, in school, society, work, neighborhood, the region, nation etc.) What often becomes your primary identity? Or identities? Explain in a paragraph. 8. What parts of your identity have to do with you mostly as an individual? What parts of your identity have to do with *being part of a group? (*this can be called collective identity.) Do you actively participate in that collective, or are you part of it only marginally? 9. Is there any overlap with the individual parts of your identity and the group parts? What might be the difference between you as an individual and you as part of a group? 10. "What is the future of black identity?" Do you think the idea of "black identity" will stay, morph into something else (change) or do you think it will go away? (This question requires a minimum of 7-8 sentences, but you can write more on the matter if you feel inspired to do so.)